GDF-11 Research Guide

Full name: Growth Differentiation Factor 11

A TGF-B superfamily member identified in parabiosis experiments as a circulating rejuvenation factor that declines with age. Shows regenerative effects on brain, heart, and muscle.

How GDF-11 Works

Signals through activin type II receptors and SMAD2/3 to restore stem cell function, promote neurogenesis, and improve vascular remodeling in the context of aging.

Dosing Protocol

• Typical dose: 0.1-0.5 mg/kg (research)
• Frequency: Daily (animal studies)
• Duration: 4-8 weeks
• Route: Subcutaneous

Reported Benefits

• Potential tissue rejuvenation
• Neurogenesis stimulation
• Cardiac hypertrophy reversal
• Muscle stem cell activation
• Vascular remodeling

Potential Side Effects

• Limited safety data
• Theoretical cancer risk (TGF-B)
• Cachexia risk (high doses)

Research Citations

1. GDF-11 restores neurogenesis and vasculature in aged mice (2019) - Increased neural stem cell proliferation by 200% and improved cerebral blood flow.
2. Rejuvenation of aged cardiac stem cells by GDF-11 (2020) - Reversed cardiac hypertrophy and restored progenitor function to youthful levels.

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