Mitochondrial peptides and energy compounds in research - MOTS-c, SS-31, CoQ10, PQQ and cellular energy optimization.
A mitochondria-derived peptide that acts as an exercise mimetic, improving metabolic homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and fat oxidation. Levels decline significantly with age.
Dose: 5-10 mg | Route: Subcutaneous injection
A mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide concentrating 1000-5000x in inner mitochondrial membrane. Stabilizes cardiolipin and optimizes electron transport. In clinical trials for Barth syndrome and heart
Dose: 5-40 mg | Route: Subcutaneous or IV
Read full SS-31 (Elamipretide) guide →
A fat-soluble electron carrier essential for mitochondrial ATP production. The reduced form (ubiquinol) is the body's most potent lipid-soluble antioxidant. Critical for cardiac function, statin u
Dose: 100-300 mg ubiquinol | Route: Oral softgel
A redox cofactor that stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis - the only known supplement to create NEW mitochondria. Acts as an extremely potent antioxidant (5000x stronger than vitamin C per mole) and a
Dose: 10-20 mg | Route: Oral capsule
A synthetic tetrapeptide based on pineal gland peptide epithalamin. One of few compounds shown to activate telomerase in human somatic cells.
Dose: 5-10 mg | Route: Subcutaneous injection
Critical coenzyme declining 50% between ages 40-60. Supplementation via precursors (NMN, NR) or direct NAD+ infusion restores cellular energy, DNA repair, and sirtuin pathways.
Dose: 250-500mg IV or 500-1000mg NMN oral | Route: IV infusion or Oral (precursors)
A 24-amino acid mitochondria-derived peptide with cytoprotective effects against Alzheimer toxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Levels decline significantly with age.
Dose: 1-5 mg | Route: Subcutaneous
A D-retro-inverso peptide that disrupts FOXO4-p53 interaction in senescent cells, triggering selective apoptosis of senescent cells while sparing healthy cells.
Dose: 5-10 mg/kg (animal studies) | Route: Subcutaneous
A TGF-B superfamily member identified in parabiosis experiments as a circulating rejuvenation factor that declines with age. Shows regenerative effects on brain, heart, and muscle.
Dose: 0.1-0.5 mg/kg (research) | Route: Subcutaneous
The master antioxidant of the body, a tripeptide found in every cell. Injectable glutathione is a telemedicine staple for detoxification, skin brightening, and cellular protection against oxidative st
Dose: 200-600 mg | Route: IV push, IM injection, or nebulized
An mTOR inhibitor originally used as an immunosuppressant, now the most studied pharmaceutical longevity compound. Low-dose pulsed rapamycin is prescribed by longevity telemedicine clinics for its ant
Dose: 3-6 mg | Route: Oral tablet
The most prescribed diabetes medication globally, now widely used off-label for longevity. Activates AMPK, mimicking caloric restriction. A staple in telemedicine anti-aging protocols, especially the
Dose: 500-1000 mg | Route: Oral tablet (extended-release preferred)